What is the process of decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms?

Composting is the process of decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, typically in an aerobic (oxygen-rich) environment. This practice involves the breakdown of organic material such as leaves, food scraps, and yard waste by various microorganisms, fungi, and invertebrates, transforming it into nutrient-rich compost. The microorganisms use the organic matter as a food source, breaking it down into simpler compounds and enriching the soil with beneficial nutrients once the process is complete.

While fermentation, decomposition, and decay also involve the breakdown of organic materials, they do not specifically refer to the controlled process used in composting. Fermentation usually involves the breakdown of carbohydrates by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, and while decomposition can refer to the general breakdown of organic matter, it doesn’t specifically imply the active, beneficial process of composting. Decay is a term often used interchangeably with decomposition but typically denotes a more passive breakdown rather than the intentional management and aeration found in composting. Thus, composting is the most precise term when describing the active, managed process involving microorganisms breaking down organic matter in a beneficial way.